Compendium of German grammatical concepts

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Terms from the computational linguistics literature

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Definitions: Adjective Adverb Adverbial determination Affix Accusative Active Apposition Article Attribute Dative Declination Demonstrative pronoun Direct speech Technical term Femininum Final sentence Futur 1 Future 2 Genitive Genus, Genera Auxiliary verb Imperative Indefinitive pronoun Indicative Indirect speech Infinite forms Infinitive Infix Interjection Punctuation Interrogative pronoun Intransitive verbs Irregular verb Cardinal number Case causality Comparative Comparative Conditional sentence conjugation conjunction conjunctive consecutive sentence consonant concessive sentence masculine modal modal modal modal verb neuter noun (noun) nominative numeric object ordinal particle participle present participle present passive perfect personal pronoun plural plural perfect plus expressive pronoun pronoun pronoun predicate preposition prepositional object present tense past tense, imperfect reflexive pronoun regular verb relative pronoun semantics singular Singulariatantum Subject Substanti v (noun) suffix superlative Syntax temporal sentence tense transitive verb verb vowel circumflex

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#	term	explanation	example
0	adjective	adjective	beautiful, lovely, kind
1	adverb	adverb	there, today, in the same way
2	Adverbial determination	determining factor	In the afternoon we saw
3	affix	-	Insert before, in and after the word stem
4	accusative	4th case (who?)	the man, the woman, the book
5	active	Tatform	I saved, I drink
6	apposition	apposition	Claudia, my friend, ...
7	items	Gender word	the, the, the, one, one, one
8th	attribute	insert	High goal, singing children
9	dative	3rd case (who?)	The people, the peoples
10	declination	Diffraction of the main, Für, number and property word	The man, the man, the man (s), the man; me, mine, me, me
11	demonstrative pronoun	Indicative proverb	This one, that, that one
12	Direct speech	Literal speech	He said, "Welcome!"
13	technical term	German term	Examples
14	feminine noun	Female gender	The woman, the thing
15	final movement	Conversion of intent, purpose	Subordinate clauses, initiated with: that
16	future 1	1. future	He will come
17	Future 2	2. future	He will have come
18	Genitive	2nd case (Whose?)	The house, the mother, the man
19	Genus, genera	Grammatical gender	Masculine, feminine, neuter
20	auxiliary verb	Auxiliary verb	Have, be, become
21	imperative	imperative	Think about the future! Come!
22	Indefinitivpronomen	Uncertain pronoun	Some, someone, many, some
23	indicative	reality form	Erick goes home.
24	Indirect speech	Non-verbal speech	He said that he had to go home now.
25	Infinite forms	Indefinite forms of the verb	Infinitive, past participle; run, running, run
26	infinitive	Basic form	walk, learn, read
27	infix	inserted syllable	Insertion in the word stem; caught on
28	interjection	exclamation word	Oh , do not be so sensitive!
29	punctuation	punctuation	Comma, dot, semicolon, colon
30	interrogative	Questioning proverb	Who ? What a ?
31	Intransitive verbs	Non-targeted verb	The Kid is sleeping.
32	Irregular verb	strongly bowed verb	Time-word formed in the imperfect without appending a suffix and in the perfect by appending the suffix -en; run - ran - run; come - came - came
33	cardinal	base number	Two, three, five
34	case	case	Nominative accusative genitive dativ
35	causal clause	Circumstantial rate of reason	Because, namely, because
36	Komparation	increase	high, higher, the highest
37	comparative	1st level of increase	The bigger achievement
38	conditional clause	set of conditions	are initiated with; if, as soon as
39	conjugation	Diffraction of the time word	Write wrote written
40	conjunction	conjunction	And, but, or, as, but
41	conjunctive	subjunctive	He would have gotten a good mark if he ...
42	Konsekutivsatz	Circumstantial rate of consequence	Are initiated with: that, so that
43	consonant	consonant	b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, yz
44	concessive	Conversion rate of grant	Are introduced with: although, though
45	masculine noun	Male skin word	The state, the man, the voter
46	Modal	Designating the way	Modal verb, sentence
47	Modalsatz	Circumstance set of fashion	Are initiated with: by, as if
48	modal verb	Time word of the statement	I can, I may, I want, I should
49	mode	expressive way	He is doing better.
50	neuter	Saxon noun	the people, the child
51	Noun (noun)	Noun, Dingwort	the state, the wife, the country
52	Nominative	1st case (who?)	the State
53	numeral	numeral	three, five, eight, several, few
54	number	Number (singular, plural)	the House the houses
55	object	complement	Object in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd case, prepositional object
56	ordinal number	ordinal	the fourth Bundestag
57	particle	Unflectable word	Adverb, preposition, conjunction
58	past participle	Middle word of the past	wandered, sung, rested
59	Present participle	Middle word of the present	wandering, singing, resting
60	passive	suffer form	The child was injured
61	Perfect	Perfect presence	You asked .
62	personal pronoun	Personal proverb	I you he she it; we you they
63	Plural	majority	Schools, houses
64	Pluraletantum	Nouns only in the plural	Vacation, people, expenses
65	past continuous	Perfect past	He had appeared .
66	positive	Elementary	Not increased adjective, good
67	possessive pronouns	Possession of ownership	mine, yours, his - hers - being; ours, yours, you
68	pronoun	pronoun	I, my, this one
69	predicate	Statement core, sentence statement	We write an essay.
70	prefix	prefix	Insertion before the beginning of the word stem; unfinished, mistrust
71	preposition	preposition	in peace, through free elections
72	prepositional	ratio supplement	He remembered our walk together .
73	Present	present	I am, you go, we write
74	Preterite, imperfect	past	I was, you went, we wrote
75	reflexive pronouns	Reverting proverb	hurry, I hurry
76	Regular verb	weakly diffracted verb	Time word formed in the past tense and perfect by appending t or et; laugh - laugh - laugh! talk - red et e - gered et
77	relative pronoun	Regarding proverb	The one who; which
78	semantics	Doctrine of the meaning of the words
79	Singular	singular	School, house
80	Singulariatantum	Nouns only in the singular in use	Courage, faith, sugar, flour
81	subject	Set Item	The Chancellor went ...
82	Noun	noun	the state , the wife , the child
83	suffix	suffix	Insertion at the end of the word stem; laugh, house
84	superlative	2nd level of increase	the strongest faction
85	syntax	syntax	Teaching the structure of sentences
86	temporal clause	Circumstantial rate of time	Be introduced with: until, after
87	tense	Time, tense	I write, wrote, wrote
88	Transitive verb	Targeting time word	Verb to which a accusative object occurs
89	verb	verb	live, die, go, buy
90	vocal	vowel	a, e, i, o, u
91	circumflex	-	Combination of prefix, infix or suffix

Terms from Computational Linguistics

#	term	explanation	example
1	Adjectival phrase, AP	Sentence element with an adjective as the core	The book is very heavy .
2	Adverbial phrase, AdvP	Sentence element with an adverb as its core	Last Wednesday , the student buys a book about eTourism.
3	Determiners, Det, D	Articles, pronouns ...; sh. also WIKIPEDIA: determiner	the, the, the, the, one, all, few, this, that, my, your ...
4	Noun phrase, NP	The sentence element consists of a noun and other sentence elements (noun phrases, prepositional phrases, etc.); sh. also WIKIPEDIA: noun phrase	The student buys a book about eTourism .
5	phrase	Sentence element (phrase) whose constituents in a sentence can only be moved together; sh. also WIKIPEDIA: phrase	The student | buys | a book about eTourism .
6	Prepositional phrase, pp	Sentence element consists of a preposition and a noun phrase; sh. also WIKIPEDIA: prepositional phrase	The student buys a book about eTourism .
7	Verb phrase, verb phrase, VP	Sentence element consists of a verb, pronouns, ellipses and other sentence elements (noun phrases, prepositional phrases, etc.); sh. also WIKIPEDIA: verb phrase